Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology Kerman, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology Kerman, Iran
3 Ph.D. Medical student, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Abstract
Background:Leukemia is cancer of blood and bone marrow cells. In general, there are four types of leukemia: chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Fractal geometry can be introduced as one of the effective ways to detect this type of cancer. In this study, with introducing an effective method, it is tried to predict CLL cancer through the measurement of nucleus cell fractal dimension.
Methods: Blood samples of 30 healthy individuals and 30 patients with blood cancer were taken and digital pictures were taken from the samples with 100X optical microscope. Finally, nucleus cells fractal dimension was calculated with box counting method and the obtained data were analyzed through statistical software.
Results: Mean fractal dimension of lymphoma type B cell was 1.367± 0.0011 in healthy subjects and 1.398 ± 0.0016 in cancer patients. The difference between healthy cells and cancer cells fractal dimension is significant.
Conclusion: Fractal dimension measurement can be used to screen cancer cells from healthy cells. The detection point for identification of CLL cancer by fractal dimension method was introduced as 1.3 (the middle point of normal cells and cancer cells fractal dimension). In the case of blood cell fractal dimension higher than 1.383, the patient is suspected to have CLL blood cancer.
Keywords
- Murray M, Rushworth S, Macewan D. Micro rnas as a new therapeuti target towards leukaemia signalling. Cell Signal 2012; 24(2): 363-8.
- Ferrara F, Schiffer CA. Acute myeloid leukaemia in adults. Lancet 2013;381(9865): 484-95.
- National Cancer Institute. What you need to know about lukemia. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: National Institutes of Health; 2013. P.1-30.
- Hideshima T, Mitsiades C, Tonon G, Richardson PG, Anderson KC. Understanding multiple myeloma pathogenesis in the bone marrow to identify new therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7(8): 585-98.
- National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). Guidance on the use of imatinib for chronic myeloid leukaemia. National Institute for Clinical Excellence; 2003. P.1-21.
- Lewandowski K, Gniot M, Lewandowska M, Wache A, Ratajczak B, Czyż A, et al. B-Cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 11q22.3 rearrangement in patient with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with imatinib. Case Rep Med 2016; 2016: 9806515.
- Estey E, Döhner H. Acute myeloid leukaemia.Lancet 2006; 368(9550): 1894-907.
- Tolley K, Goad C, Yi Y, Maroudas P, Haiderali A, Thompson G. Utility elicitation study in the UK general public for late-stage chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Eur J Health Econ2013; 14(5):749-59.
- Kaltenthaler E, Carroll C, Hill-McManus D, Scope A, Holmes M, Rice S, et al. The use of exploratory analyses within the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence single technology appraisal process: an evaluation and qualitative analysis. Health Technol Assess 2016; 20(26): 1–48.
- Kokhaei P, Rezvany M, Virving L, Choudhury A, Rabbani H, Osterborg A, et al. Dendritic cells loaded with apoptotic tumour cells induce a stronger T-Cell response than dendritic Cell-tumour hybrids in B-Cll. Leukemia 2003; 17(5): 894-9.
- Maloney DG. Anti-CD20 antibody therapy for B-cell lymphomas. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 2008–16.
- Adami J, Gridley G, Nyren O, Dosemeci M, Linet M, Glimelius B, et al. Sunlight and non-hodgkin's Lymphoma: a population-based cohort study in Sweden. Int J Cancer 1999; 80(5):641-5.
- Goldin LR, Pfeiffer RM, Li X, Hemminki K. familial risk of lymphoproliferative tumors in families of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results from the Swedish family cancer database. Blood 2004;104(6):1850-4.
- Flodin U, Fredriksson M, Persson B, Axelson O. chronic lymphatic leukaemia and engine exhausts, fresh wood, and Ddt: a case-referent study. Br J Ind Med 1988; 45(1):33-8.
- Herishanu Y, Polliack A. chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a review of some new aspects of the biology, factors influencing prognosis and therapeutic options. Transfus Apher Sci 2005; 32 (1):85-97.
- Jain N, O'Brien S. Initial treatment of CLL: integrating biology and functional status. Blood 2015;126(4):463-70.
- Cross SS. Fractals in Pathology. J Pathol 1997; 182(1): 1-8.
- Baish JW, Jain RK. Fractals and Cancer. Cancer Res 2000; 60(14): 3683-8.
- Naeim F, Moatamed F, Sahimi M. Morphogenesis of the bone marrow: fractal structures and diffusion limited growth. Blood 1996; 87(12): 5027-31.
- Dey P, Mohanty SK. fractal dimensions of breast lesions on cytology smears. Diagnostic Cytopathol 2003; 29(2):85-6.
- Ohri S, Dey P, Nijhawan R. Fractal dimension in aspiration cytology smears of breast and cervical lesions. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2004; 26(2):109-12.
- Dey P, Rajesh L. Fractal dimension in endometrial carcinoma. Anal Quant Cytol Hisol 2004; 26(2):113-6.
- Noroozinia F, Behjati G, Shahabi S, Islamlo HF, Mohammad Hassan Z, Ilkhanizadeh B. Fractal study on nuclear boundary of cancer cells in urinary smears. Urmia Medical Journal 2009; 20(2):104-110, [In Persian]
- Samin L. healthy and sick heart beat signal analysis using fractal. Eleventh Conference of Medical Engineering 1382 [In Persian]
- Rezai F.sweet, fractals and chaos of Medical Sciences.Applied Mathematics,University of Shiraz, 1391 [In Persian]
- Hideki T. Fractals in the Physical Sciences. Manchester University Press; 1990. 141-2.
)