Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD in Sport Psychology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Human Science, International University of Imam Reza, Mashhad, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Physical Education, Faulty of Human science, Imam Hossein Comprehensive University, Tehran, Iran

3 Associate professor in Psychology Department, Faculty of Educational Science and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran

4 Tutor and Research Assistant of Psychology, Faculty of Human Science, Farhangian University, Kothar college, Yasuj, Iran

Abstract

Background: The study is intended to examine a model of direct and indirect effects (through mediating role of self-assessment latent variable containing self-efficacy and self-esteem components) of sports mental toughness construct (including the components of confidence, consistency and control) on perceived stress of athlete employees.
Method: The researchdesign of study was correlational and its approach was structural equations. The population were all of athlete employees at National Iranian Gas Company (NIGC) that 400 of them were selected with simple random method. The applied instruments were reliable and valid. Data analysis was performed using macro program of Preacher and Hayes in SPSS-19 software and also using AMOS-20 software.
Results: The results indicated that the directpath of the proposed model should be eliminated and after eliminating this path, themodel’sfitnessparameterswere optimized.
Conclusion: According to the data of this research it can be concluded that one of the mechanisms of sport’s impact on perceived stress of employees is that first, it influences the three aspects of sports mental toughness and then, a mixture of these variables’ effects improve this employees’ perceived stress through increasing the self- assessment construct of them (and its components).
 

Keywords

  1. Rahimzadeh M. Effectiveness of interpersonal group therapy on perceived stress, social adjustment and self-analysis of divorced women [dissertation]. Tehran: Payam Noor University; 2011.
  2. Mark GM, Smith AP. Stress Models: A Review and Suggested New Direction. In: Houdmont J, Leka S, editors. Occupational Health Psychology: European Perspectives on Research, Education and Practice, vol. 3. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press; 2008.
  3. Dezhahang M, Hemati afifi A, Nory Nejad H. The comparison of job Satisfaction of athletes and non-athletes personnel of Islamic Azad University of Ghazvin and Takestan branches. International Research Journal of Biological Science 2014; 3(9): 31-7.
  4. Sembiyan R. & Asgarali Patel, J.M. A comparative study on the work-family conflict and work stress among married women in public and private sector organizations. Indian Streams Research Journal 2014; 4 (7): 1-5
  5. Kingma M. Nursing migration: global treasure hunt or disaster‐in‐the‐making? Nursing inquiry 2001; 8(4): 205-12.
  6. Mirian S. A study of the predictors of managers’ and deputy directors’ stress in technical and vocational institutes affiliated to 12 zone of Education and Training Organization and its impact on the quality of educational service [dissertation]. Tehran: Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch; 2013.
  7. Shokouhi L, Khalatbari J, Rezabakhsh H. Perceived Stress among University Students with Various Attribution Styles. Journal of Modern Thoughts in Education 2010; 5(4): 107-29. Persian
  8. Moore, T. E. T. (2010). The relationship between exercise and job related outcomes. TUI University.
  9. Dolbier CL, Smith SE, Steinhardt MA. Relationships of protective factors to stress and symptoms of illness. Am J Health Behav 2007; 31(4):423-33.
  10. Jonker JT, De Laet C, Franco OH, Peeters A, Mackenbach J, Nusselder WJ. Physical activity and life expectancy with and without diabetes: life table analysis of the Framingham Heart Study. Diabetes Care 2006; 29(1):38-43.
  11. Ritvanen T, Louhevaara V, Helin P, Halonen T, Hänninen O. Effect of aerobic fitness on the physiological stress responses at work. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2007;20(1):1-8.
  12. Díaz Gómez MM, Bocanegra Jaramillo OL, Teixeira RR, Espindola FS. Salivary surrogates of plasma nitrite and catecholamines during a 21-week training season in swimmers. PLoS One 2013;8(5):e64043.
  13. Hajiamini Z, Cheraghalipour Z, Azad Marzabadi E, Ebadi A, Norouzi Koushali A. Comparison of job stress in military and non-military drivers in Tehran city. J Mil Med 2011; 13(1):25-30. Persian
  14. Ghuraki E. The comparison of mental toughness and mental health between professional and amateur athletes [dissertation]. Tehran: Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch; 2009.
  15. Marchant DC, Polman RC, Clough PJ, Jackson JG, Levy AR, Nicholls AR. Mental toughness: managerial and age differences. Journal of Managerial Psychology 2009; 24(5):428-37.
  16. Gucciardi DF, Gordon S, Dimmock JA. Advancing mental toughness research and theory using personal construct psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2009; 2(1):54-72.
  17. Sheard M. Mental Toughness: The Mindset behind Sporting Achievement. 1th ed. USA and Canada: Routledge; 2010.
  18. Mahoney JW, Gucciardi DF, Ntoumanis N, Mallett CJ. Mental toughness in sport: motivational antecedents and associations with performance and psychological health. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2014; 36(3):281-92.
  19. Gyambrah M, Amponash MO, Sackey NA. Psychological profile assessment of mental toughness among senior high school football players in Ghana. European Journal of Educational Sciences 2013; 1(3): 136-51.
  20. Nicholls AR, Levy A, Polman R, Crust L. Mental toughness, Coping Self-Efficacy, and Coping effectiveness among athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology 2011; 42 (6): 513-24.
  21. Nicholls AR, Perry JL, Jones L, Sanctuary C, Carson F, Clough PJ. The mediating role of mental toughness in sport. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2015;55(7-8):824-34.
  22. Coetzee M, Potgieter IL. Mediating effect of self-esteem on the career selfmanagement and career resilience of early-career staff in the business management field. Southern African Business Review 2014; 18 (2): 65-82.
  23. Janeiro IN. Motivational dynamics in the development of career attitudes among adolescents. Journal of Vocational Behavior 2010;76(2):170-7.
  24. Klassen RM, Durksen TL. Weekly self-efficacy and work stress during the teaching practicum: a mixed methods study. Learning and Instruction. 2014; 33:158-69.
  25. Rangriz H, Khaksar M. The evaluating of employees’ self-efficacy and job stress in the Isfahan Zobahan company. International SAMANM Journal of Marketing and Management 2013; 1(1): 34-43.
  26. Raveendran RB, Manikandan, K. Self-efficacy and job stress among teachers: a meta–analysis. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences 2012; 2(10): 241-57.
  27. Satterwhite AK. Understanding mental toughness and stress: the role of cortisol [dissertation]. Rollins College; 2016.
  28. Subramanian S, Vinothkumar M. Hardiness personality, self-esteem and occupational stress among IT professionals. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology 2009; 35: 48-56
  29. Prochaska JO, Velicer WF. The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. Am J Health Promot 1997;12(1):38-48.
  30. Farrokhi A, Kashani V, Motasharei E. Comparison of mental toughness of contact and noncontact men and women athletes in different skill levels. Motor Behavior (Research on Sport Science) 2011;3( 8): 71-86.
  31. Schwarzer R, Schmitz GS, Tang C. Teacher burnout in Hong Kong and Germany: a cross-cultural validation of the Maslach burnout inventory. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 2000; 13(3):309-26.
  32. Gholami S, Hossein Chari M. Predicting high school students' happiness based on teacher-student interaction and teacher expectancy: mediatory effect of students' self-efficacy. Quarterly Studies in Learning and Instruction 2010; 6(2): 83-109. Persian
  33. Gentile B, Twenge JM, Campbell WK. Birth cohort differences in self-esteem, 1988–2008: a cross-temporal meta-analysis. Review of General Psychology 2010; 14(3): 261-8.
  34. Ghafuri MR, Khaksar S, Naami A. Relation of job locus of control, self-efficacy and self-esteem with organizational citizenship behaviors (intended to both organization and co-workers). 2nd Biennial National Conference of Industrial and Organizational Psychology; 2011 Feb 22-23; Isfahan Islamic Azad University Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch; 2010.
  35. Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhou C, Li T. Affect and self-esteem as mediators between trait resilience and psychological adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences 2014; 66:92-7.
  36. Shahraki M, Esmaeili MR, Ganjouei FA. The effect of sport participation and hardiness on self-efficacy in female high school students. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences 2014; 4 (S4): 1842-47.
  37. Beshlideh K. Research methods and statistical analysis of research- Examples using SPSS and AMOS (version 16). Ahvaz: Shahid Chamran University’s Publications; 2014.