Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
2 Department of Biology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
Abstract
Background: Osteomyelitis is a bone infection. The most common treatment is use of antibiotics, which might have many side effects and may induce antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Strengthening the body›s antioxidant system may be effective on preventing the disease progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and L. plantarum enriched with selenium (Se) on osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Methods: Thirty-six male rats were randomly divided into the 6 groups. A group was control group. Groups B and C were respectively treated with L. plantarum, and L. plantarum enriched with Se. Osteomyelitis was induced in group D. Groups E and F were induced with osteomyelitis and treated like groups B and C. At the end of the treatment period, in order to evaluate hematological parameters, the acute phase protein, interleukin 6 and 1- levels were assessed in the rat’s blood samples. Bone was stained with hematoxylin-eosin to evaluate histopathological changes.
Results: The number of white blood cells (WBCs) in groups D and E and interleukin 6 levels in groups D, E and F were significantly increased compared to the control group. There was no significant change in other factors in the experimental groups compared to the control group. Histopathological changes were less severe in groups E and F than in group D.
Conclusion: The treatment of animals with osteomyelitis by probiotics, especially Se-enriched probiotics, to some extent can prevent the distribution of bone infection to the surrounding tissues.
Keywords
1. Lee YJ, Sadigh S, Mankad K, Kapse N, Rajeswaran G.
The imaging of osteomyelitis. Quant Imaging Med Surg.
2016;6(2):184-98. doi: 10.21037/qims.2016.04.01.
2. Gomes D, Pereira M, Bettencourt AF. Osteomyelitis: an
overview of antimicrobial therapy. Braz J Pharm Sci.
2013;49(1):13-27. doi: 10.1590/s1984-82502013000100003.
3. Hofstee MI, Muthukrishnan G, Atkins GJ, Riool M, Thompson
K, Morgenstern M, et al. Current concepts of osteomyelitis:
from pathologic mechanisms to advanced research
methods. Am J Pathol. 2020;190(6):1151-63. doi: 10.1016/j.
ajpath.2020.02.007.
4. Huang WC, Wei CC, Huang CC, Chen WL, Huang HY. The
beneficial effects of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 on highintensity,
exercise-induced oxidative stress, inflammation,
and performance in triathletes. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):353.
doi: 10.3390/nu11020353.
5. Kavanagh N, Ryan EJ, Widaa A, Sexton G, Fennell J, O’Rourke
S, et al. Staphylococcal osteomyelitis: disease progression,
treatment challenges, and future directions. Clin Microbiol
Rev. 2018;31(2):e00084-17. doi: 10.1128/cmr.00084-17.
6. Gaspar C, Donders GG, Palmeira-de-Oliveira R, Queiroz
JA, Tomaz C, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, et al. Bacteriocin
production of the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus KS400.
AMB Express. 2018;8(1):153. doi: 10.1186/s13568-018-
0679-z.
7. Michalska-Mosiej M, Socha K, Soroczyńska J, Karpińska E,
Łazarczyk B, Borawska MH. Selenium, zinc, copper, and
total antioxidant status in the serum of patients with chronic
tonsillitis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2016;173(1):30-4. doi:
10.1007/s12011-016-0634-2.
8. Jafarzadeh H, Allymehr M, Talebi A, Asri Rezaei S,
Soleimanzadeh A. Effects of nano-selenium and sodium
selenite on SelP, GPx4 and SelW genes expression in testes of
broiler breeder roosters. Bulg J Vet Med. 2020;23(2):218-28.
doi: 10.15547/bjvm.2208.
9. Tran PA, O’Brien-Simpson N, Palmer JA, Bock N, Reynolds
EC, Webster TJ, et al. Selenium nanoparticles as anti-infective
implant coatings for trauma orthopedics against methicillinresistant
Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis: in vitro and
in vivo assessment. Int J Nanomedicine. 2019;14:4613-24.
doi: 10.2147/ijn.s197737.
10. Mandour AS, Samir H, El-Beltagy MA, Abdel-Daim MM,
Izumi W, Ma D, et al. Effect of supra-nutritional seleniumenriched
probiotics on hematobiochemical, hormonal, and
Doppler hemodynamic changes in male goats. Environ Sci
Pollut Res Int. 2020;27(16):19447-60. doi: 10.1007/s11356-
020-08294-2.
11. Yaghchi SS, Fatemi M, Ghandehari F. Comparing the effects of
Saccharomyces boulardii and selenium-enriched S. boulardii
on hematological parameters and total antioxidant capacity
in aluminum induced toxicity in rats. J Kermanshah Univ Med
Sci. 2018;22(3):e80282. doi: 10.5812/jkums.80282.
12. Chen Y, Li Q, Xia C, Yang F, Xu N, Wu Q, et al. Effect of
selenium supplements on the antioxidant activity and nitrite
degradation of lactic acid bacteria. World J Microbiol
Biotechnol. 2019;35(4):61. doi: 10.1007/s11274-019-
2609-x.
13. Chen L, Pan DD, Zhou J, Jiang YZ. Protective effect of
selenium-enriched Lactobacillus on CCl4-induced liver injury
in mice and its possible mechanisms. World J Gastroenterol.
2005;11(37):5795-800. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i37.5795.
14. Brinkman CL, Schmidt-Malan SM, Karau MJ, Patel R. A novel
rat model of foreign body osteomyelitis for evaluation of
antimicrobial efficacy. J Exp Appl Anim Sci. 2019;3(1):7-14.
doi: 10.20454/jeaas.2019.1555.
15. Khoso PA, Zhang Y, Yin H, Teng X, Li S. Selenium Deficiency
Affects Immune Function by Influencing Selenoprotein and
Cytokine Expression in Chicken Spleen. Biol Trace Elem Res.
2019;187(2):506-16. doi: 10.1007/s12011-018-1396-9.
16. Huang Q, Liu Y, Ouyang Z, Feng Q. Comparing the
regeneration potential between PLLA/Aragonite and PLLA/
Vaterite pearl composite scaffolds in rabbit radius segmental
bone defects. Bioact Mater. 2020;5(4):980-9. doi: 10.1016/j.
bioactmat.2020.06.018.
17. Zhou P, Xia D, Xia Y, Zhang H, Wang Y, Tang T, et al.
Synergistic effect of vancomycin and l-homocarnosine
alleviates Staphylococcus aureus-induced osteomyelitis in
rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;111:31-5. doi: 10.1016/j.
biopha.2018.11.102.
18. Chundakkattumalayil HC, Kumar S, Narayanan R, T RK.
Role of L. plantarum KX519413 as probiotic and acacia
gum as prebiotic in gastrointestinal tract strengthening.
Microorganisms. 2019;7(12):659. doi: 10.3390/
microorganisms7120659.
19. Collins FL, Rios-Arce ND, Schepper JD, Jones AD, Schaefer
L, Britton RA, et al. Beneficial effects of Lactobacillus
reuteri 6475 on bone density in male mice is dependent
on lymphocytes. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):14708. doi: 10.1038/
s41598-019-51293-8.
20. Alp D, KuleaŞan H. Determination of competition and
adhesion abilities of lactic acid bacteria against gut pathogens
in a whole-tissue model. Biosci Microbiota Food Health.
2020;39(4):250-8. doi: 10.12938/bmfh.2020-033.
21. Arif A, Bhatti A, John P. Therapeutic potential of Foeniculum
vulgare mill. Derived selenium nanoparticles in arthritic
Balb/c mice. Int J Nanomedicine. 2019;14:8561-72. doi:
10.2147/ijn.s226674.
22. Xie D, Liao Y, Yue J, Zhang C, Wang Y, Deng C, et al. Effects
of five types of selenium supplementation for treatment of
Kashin-Beck disease in children: a systematic review and
network meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2018;8(3):e017883. doi:
10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017883.
23. Hosnedlova B, Kepinska M, Skalickova S, Fernandez C,
Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Malevu TD, et al. A summary of new
findings on the biological effects of selenium in selected animal
species-a critical review. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(10):2209. doi:
10.3390/ijms18102209.
24. Deng S, Liu S, Xu S, He Y, Zhou X, Ni G. Shorter telomere
length in peripheral blood leukocytes is associated with
post-traumatic chronic osteomyelitis. Surg Infect (Larchmt).
2020;21(9):773-7. doi: 10.1089/sur.2019.326.
25. Tascini C, Aimo A, Arzilli C, Sbrana F, Ripoli A, Ghiadoni L,
et al. Procalcitonin, white blood cell count and C-reactive
Mahpishanian et al
528 Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Volume 29, Number 6, 2022
protein as predictors of S. aureus infection and mortality in
infective endocarditis. Int J Cardiol. 2020;301:190-4. doi:
10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.08.013.
26. Linzner N, Loi VV, Fritsch VN, Tung QN, Stenzel S, Wirtz
M, et al. Staphylococcus aureus uses the bacilliredoxin
(BrxAB)/bacillithiol disulfide reductase (YpdA) redox pathway
to defend against oxidative stress under infections. Front
Microbiol. 2019;10:1355. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01355.
27. Neveling DP, van Emmenes L, Ahire JJ, Pieterse E, Smith C,
Dicks LMT. Safety assessment of antibiotic and probiotic
feed additives for Gallus gallus domesticus. Sci Rep.
2017;7(1):12767. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12866-7.
28. Wang N, Tan HY, Li S, Xu Y, Guo W, Feng Y. Supplementation
of micronutrient selenium in metabolic diseases: its role as
an antioxidant. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:7478523.
doi: 10.1155/2017/7478523.
29. Shin SP, Choi YM, Kim WH, Hong SP, Park JM, Kim J, et
al. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical
trial that breast milk derived-Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17
mitigated diarrhea-dominant irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin
Biochem Nutr. 2018;62(2):179-86. doi: 10.3164/jcbn.17-73.
30. Groznik M, Cimerman M, Lusa L, Gorenjec NR, Ihan
A. Increased perioperative C-reactive protein and
decreased postoperative albumin is associated with acute
posttraumatic osteomyelitis in patients with high-energy
tibial fractures. Injury. 2019;50(4):827-33. doi: 10.1016/j.
injury.2019.02.019.
31. Pota V, Passavanti MB, Sansone P, Pace MC, Peluso F, Fiorelli
A, et al. Septic shock from descending necrotizing mediastinitis
- combined treatment with IgM-enriched immunoglobulin
preparation and direct polymyxin B hemoperfusion: a case
report. J Med Case Rep. 2018;12(1):55. doi: 10.1186/s13256-
018-1611-5.
32. Wei S, Cui H, Zhang S, Zhang A, Zhang Y, Jiang S. Red
blood cell distribution width predicts postoperative death of
infective endocarditis. Int Heart J. 2020;61(3):524-30. doi:
10.1536/ihj.19-487.
33. Mousavi SN, Saboori S, Asbaghi O. Effect of daily probiotic
yogurt consumption on inflammation: a systematic review and
meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Obes
Med. 2020;18:100221. doi: 10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100221.
34. Tabrizi R, Ostadmohammadi V, Bagheri Lankarani K,
Akbari M, Akbari H, Vakili S, et al. The effects of probiotic
and synbiotic supplementation on inflammatory markers
among patients with diabetes: a systematic review and metaanalysis
of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pharmacol.
2019;852:254-64. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.003.
35. Bi CL, Wang H, Wang YJ, Sun J, Dong JS, Meng X, et al. Selenium
inhibits Staphylococcus aureus-induced inflammation by
suppressing the activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signalling
pathways in RAW264.7 macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol.
2016;780:159-65. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.044.
36. Asemi Z, Jazayeri S, Najafi M, Samimi M, Mofid V, Shidfar
F, et al. Effect of daily consumption of probiotic yogurt on
oxidative stress in pregnant women: a randomized controlled
clinical trial. Ann Nutr Metab. 2012;60(1):62-8. doi:
10.1159/000335468.
37. Ko A, Kim H, Han CJ, Kim JM, Chung HW, Chang N.
Association between high sensitivity C-reactive protein and
dietary intake in Vietnamese young women. Nutr Res Pract.
2014;8(4):445-52. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2014.8.4.445.
38. Turner MD, Nedjai B, Hurst T, Pennington DJ. Cytokines and
chemokines: at the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory
disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014;1843(11):2563-82. doi:
10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.05.014.
39. Klemm C, Bruchhagen C, van Krüchten A, Niemann S,
Löffler B, Peters G, et al. Mitogen-activated protein kinases
(MAPKs) regulate IL-6 over-production during concomitant
influenza virus and Staphylococcus aureus infection. Sci Rep.
2017;7:42473. doi: 10.1038/srep42473.
40. Zhang ZB, Guo YF, Li CY, Qiu CW, Guo MY. Selenium
influences mmu-miR-155 to inhibit inflammation in
Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in mice. Food Funct.
2019;10(10):6543-55. doi: 10.1039/c9fo01488h.
The imaging of osteomyelitis. Quant Imaging Med Surg.
2016;6(2):184-98. doi: 10.21037/qims.2016.04.01.
2. Gomes D, Pereira M, Bettencourt AF. Osteomyelitis: an
overview of antimicrobial therapy. Braz J Pharm Sci.
2013;49(1):13-27. doi: 10.1590/s1984-82502013000100003.
3. Hofstee MI, Muthukrishnan G, Atkins GJ, Riool M, Thompson
K, Morgenstern M, et al. Current concepts of osteomyelitis:
from pathologic mechanisms to advanced research
methods. Am J Pathol. 2020;190(6):1151-63. doi: 10.1016/j.
ajpath.2020.02.007.
4. Huang WC, Wei CC, Huang CC, Chen WL, Huang HY. The
beneficial effects of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 on highintensity,
exercise-induced oxidative stress, inflammation,
and performance in triathletes. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):353.
doi: 10.3390/nu11020353.
5. Kavanagh N, Ryan EJ, Widaa A, Sexton G, Fennell J, O’Rourke
S, et al. Staphylococcal osteomyelitis: disease progression,
treatment challenges, and future directions. Clin Microbiol
Rev. 2018;31(2):e00084-17. doi: 10.1128/cmr.00084-17.
6. Gaspar C, Donders GG, Palmeira-de-Oliveira R, Queiroz
JA, Tomaz C, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, et al. Bacteriocin
production of the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus KS400.
AMB Express. 2018;8(1):153. doi: 10.1186/s13568-018-
0679-z.
7. Michalska-Mosiej M, Socha K, Soroczyńska J, Karpińska E,
Łazarczyk B, Borawska MH. Selenium, zinc, copper, and
total antioxidant status in the serum of patients with chronic
tonsillitis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2016;173(1):30-4. doi:
10.1007/s12011-016-0634-2.
8. Jafarzadeh H, Allymehr M, Talebi A, Asri Rezaei S,
Soleimanzadeh A. Effects of nano-selenium and sodium
selenite on SelP, GPx4 and SelW genes expression in testes of
broiler breeder roosters. Bulg J Vet Med. 2020;23(2):218-28.
doi: 10.15547/bjvm.2208.
9. Tran PA, O’Brien-Simpson N, Palmer JA, Bock N, Reynolds
EC, Webster TJ, et al. Selenium nanoparticles as anti-infective
implant coatings for trauma orthopedics against methicillinresistant
Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis: in vitro and
in vivo assessment. Int J Nanomedicine. 2019;14:4613-24.
doi: 10.2147/ijn.s197737.
10. Mandour AS, Samir H, El-Beltagy MA, Abdel-Daim MM,
Izumi W, Ma D, et al. Effect of supra-nutritional seleniumenriched
probiotics on hematobiochemical, hormonal, and
Doppler hemodynamic changes in male goats. Environ Sci
Pollut Res Int. 2020;27(16):19447-60. doi: 10.1007/s11356-
020-08294-2.
11. Yaghchi SS, Fatemi M, Ghandehari F. Comparing the effects of
Saccharomyces boulardii and selenium-enriched S. boulardii
on hematological parameters and total antioxidant capacity
in aluminum induced toxicity in rats. J Kermanshah Univ Med
Sci. 2018;22(3):e80282. doi: 10.5812/jkums.80282.
12. Chen Y, Li Q, Xia C, Yang F, Xu N, Wu Q, et al. Effect of
selenium supplements on the antioxidant activity and nitrite
degradation of lactic acid bacteria. World J Microbiol
Biotechnol. 2019;35(4):61. doi: 10.1007/s11274-019-
2609-x.
13. Chen L, Pan DD, Zhou J, Jiang YZ. Protective effect of
selenium-enriched Lactobacillus on CCl4-induced liver injury
in mice and its possible mechanisms. World J Gastroenterol.
2005;11(37):5795-800. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i37.5795.
14. Brinkman CL, Schmidt-Malan SM, Karau MJ, Patel R. A novel
rat model of foreign body osteomyelitis for evaluation of
antimicrobial efficacy. J Exp Appl Anim Sci. 2019;3(1):7-14.
doi: 10.20454/jeaas.2019.1555.
15. Khoso PA, Zhang Y, Yin H, Teng X, Li S. Selenium Deficiency
Affects Immune Function by Influencing Selenoprotein and
Cytokine Expression in Chicken Spleen. Biol Trace Elem Res.
2019;187(2):506-16. doi: 10.1007/s12011-018-1396-9.
16. Huang Q, Liu Y, Ouyang Z, Feng Q. Comparing the
regeneration potential between PLLA/Aragonite and PLLA/
Vaterite pearl composite scaffolds in rabbit radius segmental
bone defects. Bioact Mater. 2020;5(4):980-9. doi: 10.1016/j.
bioactmat.2020.06.018.
17. Zhou P, Xia D, Xia Y, Zhang H, Wang Y, Tang T, et al.
Synergistic effect of vancomycin and l-homocarnosine
alleviates Staphylococcus aureus-induced osteomyelitis in
rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;111:31-5. doi: 10.1016/j.
biopha.2018.11.102.
18. Chundakkattumalayil HC, Kumar S, Narayanan R, T RK.
Role of L. plantarum KX519413 as probiotic and acacia
gum as prebiotic in gastrointestinal tract strengthening.
Microorganisms. 2019;7(12):659. doi: 10.3390/
microorganisms7120659.
19. Collins FL, Rios-Arce ND, Schepper JD, Jones AD, Schaefer
L, Britton RA, et al. Beneficial effects of Lactobacillus
reuteri 6475 on bone density in male mice is dependent
on lymphocytes. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):14708. doi: 10.1038/
s41598-019-51293-8.
20. Alp D, KuleaŞan H. Determination of competition and
adhesion abilities of lactic acid bacteria against gut pathogens
in a whole-tissue model. Biosci Microbiota Food Health.
2020;39(4):250-8. doi: 10.12938/bmfh.2020-033.
21. Arif A, Bhatti A, John P. Therapeutic potential of Foeniculum
vulgare mill. Derived selenium nanoparticles in arthritic
Balb/c mice. Int J Nanomedicine. 2019;14:8561-72. doi:
10.2147/ijn.s226674.
22. Xie D, Liao Y, Yue J, Zhang C, Wang Y, Deng C, et al. Effects
of five types of selenium supplementation for treatment of
Kashin-Beck disease in children: a systematic review and
network meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2018;8(3):e017883. doi:
10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017883.
23. Hosnedlova B, Kepinska M, Skalickova S, Fernandez C,
Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Malevu TD, et al. A summary of new
findings on the biological effects of selenium in selected animal
species-a critical review. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(10):2209. doi:
10.3390/ijms18102209.
24. Deng S, Liu S, Xu S, He Y, Zhou X, Ni G. Shorter telomere
length in peripheral blood leukocytes is associated with
post-traumatic chronic osteomyelitis. Surg Infect (Larchmt).
2020;21(9):773-7. doi: 10.1089/sur.2019.326.
25. Tascini C, Aimo A, Arzilli C, Sbrana F, Ripoli A, Ghiadoni L,
et al. Procalcitonin, white blood cell count and C-reactive
Mahpishanian et al
528 Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Volume 29, Number 6, 2022
protein as predictors of S. aureus infection and mortality in
infective endocarditis. Int J Cardiol. 2020;301:190-4. doi:
10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.08.013.
26. Linzner N, Loi VV, Fritsch VN, Tung QN, Stenzel S, Wirtz
M, et al. Staphylococcus aureus uses the bacilliredoxin
(BrxAB)/bacillithiol disulfide reductase (YpdA) redox pathway
to defend against oxidative stress under infections. Front
Microbiol. 2019;10:1355. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01355.
27. Neveling DP, van Emmenes L, Ahire JJ, Pieterse E, Smith C,
Dicks LMT. Safety assessment of antibiotic and probiotic
feed additives for Gallus gallus domesticus. Sci Rep.
2017;7(1):12767. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12866-7.
28. Wang N, Tan HY, Li S, Xu Y, Guo W, Feng Y. Supplementation
of micronutrient selenium in metabolic diseases: its role as
an antioxidant. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:7478523.
doi: 10.1155/2017/7478523.
29. Shin SP, Choi YM, Kim WH, Hong SP, Park JM, Kim J, et
al. A double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical
trial that breast milk derived-Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17
mitigated diarrhea-dominant irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin
Biochem Nutr. 2018;62(2):179-86. doi: 10.3164/jcbn.17-73.
30. Groznik M, Cimerman M, Lusa L, Gorenjec NR, Ihan
A. Increased perioperative C-reactive protein and
decreased postoperative albumin is associated with acute
posttraumatic osteomyelitis in patients with high-energy
tibial fractures. Injury. 2019;50(4):827-33. doi: 10.1016/j.
injury.2019.02.019.
31. Pota V, Passavanti MB, Sansone P, Pace MC, Peluso F, Fiorelli
A, et al. Septic shock from descending necrotizing mediastinitis
- combined treatment with IgM-enriched immunoglobulin
preparation and direct polymyxin B hemoperfusion: a case
report. J Med Case Rep. 2018;12(1):55. doi: 10.1186/s13256-
018-1611-5.
32. Wei S, Cui H, Zhang S, Zhang A, Zhang Y, Jiang S. Red
blood cell distribution width predicts postoperative death of
infective endocarditis. Int Heart J. 2020;61(3):524-30. doi:
10.1536/ihj.19-487.
33. Mousavi SN, Saboori S, Asbaghi O. Effect of daily probiotic
yogurt consumption on inflammation: a systematic review and
meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Obes
Med. 2020;18:100221. doi: 10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100221.
34. Tabrizi R, Ostadmohammadi V, Bagheri Lankarani K,
Akbari M, Akbari H, Vakili S, et al. The effects of probiotic
and synbiotic supplementation on inflammatory markers
among patients with diabetes: a systematic review and metaanalysis
of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pharmacol.
2019;852:254-64. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.003.
35. Bi CL, Wang H, Wang YJ, Sun J, Dong JS, Meng X, et al. Selenium
inhibits Staphylococcus aureus-induced inflammation by
suppressing the activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signalling
pathways in RAW264.7 macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol.
2016;780:159-65. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.044.
36. Asemi Z, Jazayeri S, Najafi M, Samimi M, Mofid V, Shidfar
F, et al. Effect of daily consumption of probiotic yogurt on
oxidative stress in pregnant women: a randomized controlled
clinical trial. Ann Nutr Metab. 2012;60(1):62-8. doi:
10.1159/000335468.
37. Ko A, Kim H, Han CJ, Kim JM, Chung HW, Chang N.
Association between high sensitivity C-reactive protein and
dietary intake in Vietnamese young women. Nutr Res Pract.
2014;8(4):445-52. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2014.8.4.445.
38. Turner MD, Nedjai B, Hurst T, Pennington DJ. Cytokines and
chemokines: at the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory
disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014;1843(11):2563-82. doi:
10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.05.014.
39. Klemm C, Bruchhagen C, van Krüchten A, Niemann S,
Löffler B, Peters G, et al. Mitogen-activated protein kinases
(MAPKs) regulate IL-6 over-production during concomitant
influenza virus and Staphylococcus aureus infection. Sci Rep.
2017;7:42473. doi: 10.1038/srep42473.
40. Zhang ZB, Guo YF, Li CY, Qiu CW, Guo MY. Selenium
influences mmu-miR-155 to inhibit inflammation in
Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in mice. Food Funct.
2019;10(10):6543-55. doi: 10.1039/c9fo01488h.
)