Document Type : Review Article

Author

• Hassan Fazelinejad ^{1, 2}

¹ Department of Biology, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran

² Research Core of Cognitive Sciences and Aging Studies, Research Center of Hakim Sabzevari, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran

Abstract

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, presenting significant global challenges. Its complex etiology involves genetic and environmental factors, with hallmark pathologies including amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles. Despite extensive research, no cure currently exists for AD. A literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science.
Methods: The search employed specific keywords related to current treatment approaches for AD, including "multi-target-directed ligands," "cholinesterase inhibitors," "new drug development," "monoclonal antibodies," and "traditional plants." Inclusion criteria were studies published within the last 15 years, relevant to AD treatment, encompassing both approved drugs and those in preclinical phases. The screening process involved an initial review of titles and abstracts, followed by full-text assessments to ensure methodological rigor.
Results: This review summarizes the current understanding of AD pathophysiology, clinical stages, and pharmacological treatments, including cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists, which primarily alleviate symptoms. Recent advancements focus on targeting Aβ and tau proteins, with monoclonal antibodies showing promise but facing efficacy and safety challenges. The potential of multifunctional agents and traditional plant-based treatments, which are still in the research and preclinical stages, is also discussed.
Conclusion: Despite extensive research into various hypotheses and pharmacological interventions targeting amyloid plaques, tau proteins, and cholinergic pathways, no definitive cure exists. Innovative approaches such as multi-ligand systems and traditional medicinal plants show promise but require further investigation for effective Alzheimer's management in the future.

Keywords

• Alzheimer's disease
• pharmacotherapy
• Cholinesterase inhibitors
• Memantine
• anti-amyloid drugs
• Multifunctional compounds
• Traditional medicine

Main Subjects

• Neuroscience