Authors
- Fatemeh Shahdadi 1
- Habibollah Mirzaie 2
- Mahdi Kashaninejad 2
- Morteza Khomeiri 2
- Aman Mohammad Ziaiifar 3
- Ali Akbarian 4
1 Ph.D. Student in Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science & Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science & Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
4 Department of Research and Development, Pegah Dairy Company, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Background & Aims: Probiotic bacteria have beneficial effects on host's health. However, one of the most important reasons which affect the probiotic activity of a microorganism is its survival during the gut transit. Microencapsulation techniques could be applied to bacteria to improve this parameter. Methods: In this study, feces of 60 healthy volunteers were analyzed during 28-day test period to assess changes of probiotic bacteria. Participants were divided into equal 4 groups; group 1 did not receive probiotic drinking yoghurt (control); group 2 received probiotic drinking yoghurt containing free Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis, subspecies lactis; group 3 recieved the same strains microencapsulated with sodium alginate/resistant starch; and group 4 received probiotic drinking yoghurt containing microencapsulated probiotic bacteria with sodium alginate/chitosan. Results: A significant increase was recorded in the population of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the feces of participant in three groups at the end of the treatment compared with control group (P < 0.05 for all), confirming the ability of the 2 strains to colonize the human gut, either in a gastroprotected form or not. Participants treated with the microencapsulated bacteria reported more viability than those received not encapsulated strains. Feces of group 3 that received drinking yoghurt containing encapsulated probiotic bacteria with alginate/resistant starch had higher amount of probiotic bacterial populations, 1.3 ± 0.26 × 107 and 2.4 ± 0.37 × 109 cfu/g Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subs lactis, respectively. Conclusion:Consumption of the drinking yoghurts containing probiotic bacteria increased the Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis, subspecies lactis, contents of the feces and encapsulation process improved stability of probiotic bacteria
Keywords
- Fabian E, Elmadfa I. Influence of daily consumption of probiotic and conventional yoghurt on the plasma lipid profile in young healthy women. Ann Nutr Metab 2006; 50(4): 387-93.
- Anal AK, Singh H. Recent advances in microencapsulation of probiotics for industrial applications and targeted delivery. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2007; 18(5): 240-51.
- Gong C, Zhang H, Wang X. Effect of shell materials on microstructure and properties of microencapsulated n-octadecane. Iranian Polymer Journal 2009; 18(6): 501-12.
- Mortazavian A, Razavi SH, Ehsani MR, Sohrabvandi S. Principles and methods of microencapsulation of probiotic microorganisms. Iranian Journal of Biotechnology 2007; 5(1): 1-18.
- Kailasapathy K. Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria: technology and potential applications. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol 2002; 3(2): 39-48.
- Sultana K, Godward G, Reynolds N, Arumugaswamy R, Peiris P, Kailasapathy K. Encapsulation of probiotic bacteria with alginate-starch and evaluation of survival in simulated gastrointestinal conditions and in yoghurt. Int J Food Microbiol 2000; 62(1-2): 47-55.
- Smidsrod O, Skjak Brlk G. Alginate as immobilization matrix for cells. Trends in Biotechnology 1990; 8: 71-8.
- Homayouni A, Ehsani M, Yarmand MS, Razavi SH, Azizi A. Effect of microencapsulation and resistant starch on the probiotic survival and sensory properties of symbiotic ice cream. Food Chemistry 2008; 111(1): 50-5.
- Collins MD, Gibson GR. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69(5): 1052-7.
- El-Kholy AM, El-Shinawy SH, Meshref AMS, Korny AM. Screening of antagonistic activity of probiotic bacteria against some food-borne pathogens. Journal of Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2014; 2(2): 53-60.
- Shortt C. The probiotic century; historical and current perspectives. Trends Food Science and Technology 1999; 10(1): 411-7.
- Alander M, Mättö J, Kneifel W, Johansson M, Kögler B, Crittenden R, et al. Effect of galacto-oligosaccharide supplementation on human faecal microflora and on survival and persistence of Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 in the gastrointestinal tract. International Dairy Journal 2001; 11(10): 817-25.
- de Filippo C, Cavalieri D, di Paola M, Ramazzotti M, Poullet JB, Massart S, et al. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107(33): 14691-6.
- McCartney AL, Wenzhi W, Tannock GW. Molecular analysis of the composition of the bifidobacterial and lactobacillus microflora of humans. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62(12): 4608-13.
- Tannock GW, Munro K, Harmsen HJ, Welling GW, Smart J, Gopal PK. Analysis of the fecal microflora of human subjects consuming a probiotic product containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus DR20. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66(6): 2578-88.
- Sun-Waterhouse D, Zhou J, Wadhwa SS. Drinking yoghurts with berry polyphenols added before and after fermentation. Food Control 2013; 32(2): 450-60.
- Laroia S, Martin JH. Methods for enumerating and propagating Bifidobacteria. Cultured Dairy Products Journal 1991; 26(1): 32-3.
- Del PM, Carmagnola S, Andorno S, Pagliarulo M, Tari R, Mogna L, et al. Evaluation of the intestinal colonization by microencapsulated probiotic bacteria in comparison with the same uncoated strains. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 44(Suppl 1): S42-S46.
- Palaria A, Johnson-Kanda I, O'Sullivan DJ. Effect of a synbiotic yogurt on levels of fecal bifidobacteria, clostridia, and enterobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78(4): 933-40.
- Larsen CN, Nielsen S, Kaestel P, Brockmann E, Bennedsen M, Christensen HR, et al. Dose-response study of probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis BB-12 and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp paracasei CRL-341 in healthy young adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60(11): 1284-93.
- Mättö J, Fondén R, Tolvanen T, von Wright A, Vilpponen-Salmela T, Satokari R, et al. Intestinal survival and persistence of probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains administered in triple-strain yoghurt. International Dairy Journal 2006; 16(10): 1174-80.
- Lourens-Hattingh A, Viljoen BC. Yogurt as probiotic carrier food. International Dairy Journal 2001; 11(1-2): 1-17.
- Wang L, Zhang J, Guo Z, Kwok L, Ma C, Zhang W, et al. Effect of oral consumption of probiotic Lactobacillus planatarum P-8 on fecal microbiota, SIgA, SCFAs, and TBAs of adults of different ages. Nutrition 2014; 30(7-8): 776-83.
- Liu Z, Xu Z, Han M, Guo BH. Efficacy of pasteurised yoghurt in improving chronic constipation: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Dairy Journal 2015; 40: 1-5.