Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

JKMU Ethical Policies

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Peer Review Process

News

Metric

Editorial Policies

Data Sharing Policy

A Review of Pomegranate Functional Compounds and Their Role in Human Health in Laboratory and Clinical Trials

Author

Assistant Professor, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran

Abstract

Pomegranate as a functional food and nutraceutical source has gained widespread popularity. Pomegranate and its juice and extracts are currently being widely offered, with or without scientific support, to consumers as a new superfood with numerous health promoting effects. Therefore, due to the explosion of interest in pomegranate as a therapeutic source, the aim of the present work was to investigate the functional effects of pomegranate. This was a review study. Due to the extensive studies of pomegranate, the most cited papers were elicited from ScienceDirect, Springer, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases using the keywords pomegranate, pharmacological, therapeutic, functional compounds, microorganism, bioactivity, and cancer. The antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties of pomegranate have been reported. Moreover, cardiovascular health improvement, diabetes prevention and management, menopausal symptoms relief, hormone balance, increased libido in both genders, skin nourishment including antiwrinkle effects, and protection against Alzheimer’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis were reported in various studies. The majority of these health effects have been attributed to its high polyphenolic content and the unique fatty acid profile of its seeds. It should be noted that functional properties of pomegranate products have been mostly studied in vitro, but to a very limited degree in vivo or human clinical trials. Although there is not sufficient evidence for the health effects of pomegranate, some preliminary evidence that show promising results against cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and prostate cancer have been reported in human clinical trials.

Keywords

References
  1. Johanningsmeier SD, Harris GK. Pomegranate as a functional food and nutraceutical source. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2011; 2: 181-201.
  2. Food and Agriculture Organization. Project document for a regional standard for pomegranate prepared by the Islamic Republic of Iran [Online]. [cited 2009 Jan 26]; Available from: URL: ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/Meetings/CCNEA/ccnea5/ne05_09e.pdf
  3. Fadavi A, Barzegar M, Azizi MH, Bayat M. Note. Physicochemical composition of ten pomegranate cultivars (Punica granatum L.) grown in Iran. Food Science and Technology International 2005; 11(2): 113-9.
  4. Aarabi A, Barzegar M, Azizi M. Effect of cultivar and cold storage of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juices on organic acid composition. ASEAN Food Journal 2008; 15(1): 45-55.
  5. Alighourchi H, Barzegar M, Abbasi S. Effect of gamma irradiation on the stability of anthocyanins and shelf-life of various pomegranate juices. Food Chemistry 2008; 110(4): 1036-40.
  6. Gil MI, Tomas-Barberan FA, Hess-Pierce B, Holcroft DM, Kader AA. Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48(10): 4581-9.
  7. Fadavi A, Barzegar M, Azizi MH. Determination of fatty acids and total lipid content in oilseed of 25 pomegranates varieties grown in Iran. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2006; 19(6-7): 676-80.
  8. Amakura Y, Okada M, Tsuji S, Tonogai Y. Determination of phenolic acids in fruit juices by isocratic column liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2000; 891(1): 183-8.
  9. Kim ND, Mehta R, Yu W, Neeman I, Livney T, Amichay A, et al. Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum) for human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002; 71(3): 203-17.
  10. van Elswijk DA, Schobel UP, Lansky EP, Irth H, van der Greef J. Rapid dereplication of estrogenic compounds in pomegranate (Punica granatum) using on-line biochemical detection coupled to mass spectrometry. Phytochemistry 2004; 65(2): 233-41.
  11. Choi DW, Kim JY, Choi SH, Jung HS, Kim HJ, Cho SY, et al. Identification of steroid hormones in pomegranate (Punica granatum) using HPLC and GC–mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry 2006; 96(4): 562-71.
  12. Negi P, Jayaprakasha G, Jena BS. Antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of pomegranate peel extracts. Food Chemistry 2003; 80(3): 393-7.
  13. Venkata Sai Prakash C, Prakash I. Bioactive chemical constituents from pomegranate (Punica granatum) juice, seed and peel-a review. Int J Res Chem Environ 2011; 1(1): 1-18.
  14. Akpinar-Bayizit A, Ozcan T, Yilmaz-Ersan L. The therapeutic potential of pomegranate and its products for prevention of cancer. In: Georgakilas A, Editor. Cancer prevention - from mechanisms to translational benefits. London, UK: InTech; 2012.
  15. Seeram NP, Adams LS, Henning SM, Niu Y, Zhang Y, Nair MG, et al. In vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidant activities of punicalagin, ellagic acid and a total pomegranate tannin extract are enhanced in combination with other polyphenols as found in pomegranate juice. J Nutr Biochem 2005; 16(6): 360-7.
  16. Alighourchi HR. Identification and determination of some functional compounds and physicochemical characteristics of five Iranian pomegranate juices and their variation during storage, thermal and non-thermal processings [Thesis]. Tehran, Iran: Tarbiat Modares University; 2013. [In Persian].
  17. Alighourchi H, Barzegar M, Sahari M, bbasi S. Effect of sonication on anthocyanins, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of pomegranate juices. International Food Research Journal 2013; 20(4): 1703-9.
  18. Alighourchi H, Barzegar M, Abbasi S. Anthocyanins characterization of 15 Iranian pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) varieties and their variation after cold storage and pasteurization. European Food Research and Technology 2008; 227(3): 881-7.
  19. Lansky EP, Newman RA. Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 109(2): 177-206.
  20. Petti S, Scully C. Polyphenols, oral health and disease: A review. J Dent 2009; 37(6): 413-23.
  21. Seeram NP, Henning SM, Zhang Y, Suchard M, Li Z, Heber D. Pomegranate juice ellagitannin metabolites are present in human plasma and some persist in urine for up to 48 hours. J Nutr 2006; 136(10): 2481-5.
  22. Seeram NP, Lee R, Heber D. Bioavailability of ellagic acid in human plasma after consumption of ellagitannins from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 348(1-2): 63-8.
  23. Seeram NP, Zhang Y, McKeever R, Henning SM, Lee RP, Suchard MA, et al. Pomegranate juice and extracts provide similar levels of plasma and urinary ellagitannin metabolites in human subjects. J Med Food 2008; 11(2): 390-4.
  24. Seeram NP, Aviram M, Zhang Y, Henning SM, Feng L, Dreher M, et al. Comparison of antioxidant potency of commonly consumed polyphenol-rich beverages in the United States. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56(4): 1415-22.
  25. Bialonska D, Kasimsetty SG, Khan SI, Ferreira D. Urolithins, intestinal microbial metabolites of Pomegranate ellagitannins, exhibit potent antioxidant activity in a cell-based assay. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57(21): 10181-6.
  26. Halliwell B. Food-derived antioxidants: how to evaluate their importance in food and in vivo. In: Packer L, Editor. Handbook of antioxidants. Oxford, UK: Taylor & Francis, 2002. p. 1-46.
  27. Apak R, Guclu K, Demirata B, Ozyurek M, Celik SE, Bektasoglu B, et al. Comparative evaluation of various total antioxidant capacity assays applied to phenolic compounds with the CUPRAC assay. Molecules 2007; 12(7): 1496-547.
  28. Moore J, Yu L. Methods for antioxidant capacity estimation of wheat and wheat-based food products. In: Yu L, Editor. Wheat antioxidants.Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2007. p. 118-72.
  29. Rosenblat M, Volkova N, Coleman R, Aviram M. Pomegranate byproduct administration to apolipoprotein e-deficient mice attenuates atherosclerosis development as a result of decreased macrophage oxidative stress and reduced cellular uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54(5): 1928-35.
  30. Chidambara Murthy KN, Jayaprakasha GK, Singh RP. Studies on antioxidant activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract using in vivo models. J Agric Food Chem 2002; 50(17): 4791-5.
  31. Guo C, Wei J, Yang J, Xu J, Pang W, Jiang Y. Pomegranate juice is potentially better than apple juice in improving antioxidant function in elderly subjects. Nutr Res 2008; 28(2): 72-7.
  32. Viuda-Martos M, Fernández-López J, Pérez-Álvarez JA. Pomegranate and its many functional components as related to human health: a review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2010; 9(6): 635-54.
  33. Tanaka T, Sugie S. Inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by dietary non-nutritive compounds. Journal of Toxicologic Pathology 2007; 20(4): 215-35.
  34. Lansky EP, Jiang W, Mo H, Bravo L, Froom P, Yu W, et al. Possible synergistic prostate cancer suppression by anatomically discrete pomegranate fractions. Invest New Drugs 2005; 23(1): 11-20.
  35. Afaq F. Natural agents: cellular and molecular mechanisms of photoprotection. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 508(2): 144-51.
  36. Afaq F, Saleem M, Krueger CG, Reed JD, Mukhtar H. Anthocyanin- and hydrolyzable tannin-rich pomegranate fruit extract modulates MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways and inhibits skin tumorigenesis in CD-1 mice. Int J Cancer 2005; 113(3): 423-33.
  37. Lansky EP, Harrison G, Froom P, Jiang WG. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) pure chemicals show possible synergistic inhibition of human PC-3 prostate cancer cell invasion across Matrigel. Invest New Drugs 2005; 23(2): 121-2.
  38. Wang L, Alcon A, Yuan H, Ho J, Li QJ, Martins-Green M. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pomegranate juice-induced anti-metastatic effect on prostate cancer cells. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3(7): 742-54.
  39. Malik A, Afaq F, Sarfaraz S, Adhami VM, Syed DN, Mukhtar H. Pomegranate fruit juice for chemoprevention and chemotherapy of prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102(41): 14813-8.
  40. Attard G, Sarker D, Reid A, Molife R, Parker C, de Bono JS. Improving the outcome of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer through rational drug development. Br J Cancer 2006; 95(7): 767-74.
  41. Hong MY, Seeram NP, Heber D. Pomegranate polyphenols down-regulate expression of androgen-synthesizing genes in human prostate cancer cells overexpressing the androgen receptor. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19(12): 848-55.
  42. Toi M, Bando H, Ramachandran C, Melnick SJ, Imai A, Fife RS, et al. Preliminary studies on the anti-angiogenic potential of pomegranate fractions in vitro and in vivo. Angiogenesis 2003; 6(2): 121-8.
  43. Mehta R, Lansky EP. Breast cancer chemopreventive properties of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit extracts in a mouse mammary organ culture. Eur J Cancer Prev 2004; 13(4): 345-8.
  44. Jeune MA, Kumi-Diaka J, Brown J. Anticancer activities of pomegranate extracts and genistein in human breast cancer cells. J Med Food 2005; 8(4): 469-75.
  45. Sturgeon SR, Ronnenberg AG. Pomegranate and breast cancer: possible mechanisms of prevention. Nutr Rev 2010; 68(2): 122-8.
  46. Larrosa M, Gonzalez-Sarrias A, Yanez-Gascon MJ, Selma MV, Azorin-Ortuno M, Toti S, et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of a pomegranate extract and its metabolite urolithin-A in a colitis rat model and the effect of colon inflammation on phenolic metabolism. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 21(8): 717-25.
  47. Adams LS, Seeram NP, Aggarwal BB, Takada Y, Sand D, Heber D. Pomegranate juice, total pomegranate ellagitannins, and punicalagin suppress inflammatory cell signaling in colon cancer cells. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54(3): 980-5.
  48. Heber D, Seeram NP, Wyatt H, Henning SM, Zhang Y, Ogden LG, et al. Safety and antioxidant activity of a pomegranate ellagitannin-enriched polyphenol dietary supplement in overweight individuals with increased waist size. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55(24): 10050-4.
  49. Shukla M, Gupta K, Rasheed Z, Khan KA, Haqqi TM. Bioavailable constituents/metabolites of pomegranate (Punica granatum L) preferentially inhibit COX2 activity ex vivo and IL-1beta-induced PGE2 production in human chondrocytes in vitro. J Inflamm (Lond) 2008; 5: 9.
  50. Aslam MN, Lansky EP, Varani J. Pomegranate as a cosmeceutical source: pomegranate fractions promote proliferation and procollagen synthesis and inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-1 production in human skin cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 103(3): 311-8.
  51. Dao TT, Chi YS, Kim J, Kim HP, Kim S, Park H. Synthesis and inhibitory activity against COX-2 catalyzed prostaglandin production of chrysin derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14(5): 1165-7.
  52. Lee CJ, Chen LG, Liang WL, Wang CC. Anti-inflammatory effects of Punica granatum Linne invitro and in vivo. Food Chemistry 2010; 118(2): 315-22.
  53. Kaplan M, Hayek T, Raz A, Coleman R, Dornfeld L, Vaya J, et al. Pomegranate juice supplementation to atherosclerotic mice reduces macrophage lipid peroxidation, cellular cholesterol accumulation and development of atherosclerosis. J Nutr 2001; 131(8): 2082-9.
  54. Sumner MD, Elliott-Eller M, Weidner G, Daubenmier JJ, Chew MH, Marlin R, et al. Effects of pomegranate juice consumption on myocardial perfusion in patients with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96(6): 810-4.
  55. Aviram M, Volkova N, Coleman R, Dreher M, Reddy MK, Ferreira D, et al. Pomegranate phenolics from the peels, arils, and flowers are antiatherogenic: studies in vivo in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein e-deficient (E 0) mice and in vitro in cultured macrophages and lipoproteins. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56(3): 1148-57.
  56. Scalbert A, Manach C, Morand C, Remesy C, Jimenez L. Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2005; 45(4): 287-306.
  57. Waltner-Law ME, Wang XL, Law BK, Hall RK, Nawano M, Granner DK. Epigallocatechin gallate, a constituent of green tea, represses hepatic glucose production. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(38): 34933-40.
  58. Cheng J, Liu IM. Stimulatory effect of caffeic acid on a1A -adrenoceptors to increase glucose uptake into cultured C2 C12 cells. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 2000; 362(2): 122-7.
  59. Ohno T, Kato N, Ishii C, Shimizu M, Ito Y, Tomono S, et al. Genistein augments cyclic adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate(cAMP) accumulation and insulin release in MIN6 cells. Endocr Res 1993; 19(4): 273-85.
  60. Huang TH, Peng G, Kota BP, Li GQ, Yamahara J, Roufogalis BD, et al. Pomegranate flower improves cardiac lipid metabolism in a diabetic rat model: role of lowering circulating lipids. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 145(6): 767-74.
  61. Lei F, Zhang XN, Wang W, Xing DM, Xie WD, Su H, et al. Evidence of anti-obesity effects of the pomegranate leaf extract in high-fat diet induced obese mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31(6): 1023-9.
  62. Lan J, Lei F, Hua L, Wang Y, Xing D, Du L. Transport behavior of ellagic acid of pomegranate leaf tannins and its correlation with total cholesterol alteration in HepG2 cells. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23(5): 531-6.
  63. Bagri P, Ali M, Aeri V, Bhowmik M, Sultana S. Antidiabetic effect of Punica granatum flowers: effect on hyperlipidemia, pancreatic cells lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in experimental diabetes. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47(1): 50-4.
  64. Mohan M, Waghulde H, Kasture S. Effect of pomegranate juice on Angiotensin II-induced hypertension in diabetic Wistar rats. Phytother Res 2010; 24(Suppl 2): S196-S203.
  65. Rock W, Rosenblat M, Miller-Lotan R, Levy AP, Elias M, Aviram M. Consumption of wonderful variety pomegranate juice and extract by diabetic patients increases paraoxonase 1 association with high-density lipoprotein and stimulates its catalytic activities. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56(18): 8704-13.
  66. Esmaillzadeh A, Tahbaz F, Gaieni I, Alavi-Majd H, Azadbakht L. Concentrated pomegranate juice improves lipid profiles in diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia. J Med Food 2004; 7(3): 305-8.
  67. Rosenblat M, Hayek T, Aviram M. Anti-oxidative effects of pomegranate juice (PJ) consumption by diabetic patients on serum and on macrophages. Atherosclerosis 2006; 187(2): 363-71.
  68. Hadipour-Jahromy M, Mozaffari-Kermani R. Chondroprotective effects of pomegranate juice on monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis of the knee joint of mice. Phytother Res 2010; 24(2): 182-5.
  69. Ahmed S, Wang N, Hafeez BB, Cheruvu VK, Haqqi TM. Punica granatum L. extract inhibits IL-1beta-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases by inhibiting the activation of MAP kinases and NF-kappaB in human chondrocytes in vitro. J Nutr 2005; 135(9): 2096-102.
  70. Widmer R, Ziaja I, Grune T. Protein oxidation and degradation during aging: role in skin aging and neurodegeneration. Free Radic Res 2006; 40(12): 1259-68.
  71. Hsu J, Skover G, Goldman MP. Evaluating the efficacy in improving facial photodamage with a mixture of topical antioxidants. J Drugs Dermatol 2007; 6(11): 1141-8.
  72. DiSilvestro RA, DiSilvestro DJ, DiSilvestro DJ. Pomegranate extract mouth rinsing effects on saliva measures relevant to gingivitis risk. Phytother Res 2009; 23(8): 1123-7.
  73. Johnson IT. New approaches to the role of diet in the prevention of cancers of the alimentary tract. Mutat Res 2004; 551(1-2): 9-28.
  74. Bielli P, Calabrese L. Structure to function relationships in ceruloplasmin: a 'moonlighting' protein. Cell Mol Life Sci 2002; 59(9): 1413-27.
  75. Sastravaha G, Gassmann G, Sangtherapitikul P, Grimm WD. Adjunctive periodontal treatment with Centella asiatica and Punica granatum extracts in supportive periodontal therapy. J Int Acad Periodontol 2005; 7(3): 70-9.
  76. Kandra L, Gyemant G, Zajacz A, Batta G. Inhibitory effects of tannin on human salivary alpha-amylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 319(4): 1265-71.
  77. Vasconcelos LC, Sampaio MC, Sampaio FC, Higino JS. Use of Punica granatum as an antifungal agent against candidosis associated with denture stomatitis. Mycoses 2003; 46(5-6): 192-6.
  78. Menezes SM, Cordeiro LN, Viana GS. Punica granatum (pomegranate) extract is active against dental plaque. J Herb Pharmacother 2006; 6(2): 79-92.
  79. Veldhuizen EJ, Tjeerdsma-van Bokhoven JL, Zweijtzer C, Burt SA, Haagsman HP. Structural requirements for the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54(5): 1874-9.
  80. Cristani M, D'Arrigo M, Mandalari G, Castelli F, Sarpietro MG, Micieli D, et al. Interaction of four monoterpenes contained in essential oils with model membranes: implications for their antibacterial activity. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55(15): 6300-8.
  81. Naz S, Siddiqi R, Ahmad S, Rasool SA, Sayeed SA. Antibacterial activity directed isolation of compounds from Punica granatum. J Food Sci 2007; 72(9): M341-M345.
  82. Chung KT, Lu Z, Chou MW. Mechanism of inhibition of tannic acid and related compounds on the growth of intestinal bacteria. Food Chem Toxicol 1998; 36(12): 1053-60.
  83. Goel G, Puniya AK, Aguilar CN, Singh K. Interaction of gut microflora with tannins in feeds. Naturwissenschaften 2005; 92(11): 497-503.
  84. Neurath AR, Strick N, Li YY, Debnath AK. Punica granatum (pomegranate) juice provides an HIV-1 entry inhibitor and candidate topical microbicide. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1056: 311-27.
  85. Haidari M, Ali M, Ward CS, III, Madjid M. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) purified polyphenol extract inhibits influenza virus and has a synergistic effect with oseltamivir. Phytomedicine 2009; 16(12): 1127-36.
  86. Tanveer A, Farooq U, Akram K, Hayat Z, Shafi A, Nazar H, et al. Pomegranate Extracts: A natural preventive measure against spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Food Reviews International 2015; 31(1): 29-51.
  87. Cerda B, Soto C, Albaladejo MD, Martinez P, Sanchez-Gascon F, Tomas-Barberan F, et al. Pomegranate juice supplementation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 5-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60(2): 245-53.
  88. Hartman RE, Shah A, Fagan AM, Schwetye KE, Parsadanian M, Schulman RN, et al. Pomegranate juice decreases amyloid load and improves behavior in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 24(3): 506-15.
  89. Loren DJ, Seeram NP, Schulman RN, Holtzman DM. Maternal dietary supplementation with pomegranate juice is neuroprotective in an animal model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Pediatr Res 2005; 57(6): 858-64.
  90. Turk G, Sonmez M, Aydin M, Yuce A, Gur S, Yuksel M, et al. Effects of pomegranate juice consumption on sperm quality, spermatogenic cell density, antioxidant activity and testosterone level in male rats. Clin Nutr 2008; 27(2): 289-96.
  91. Forest CP, Padma-Nathan H, Liker HR. Efficacy and safety of pomegranate juice on improvement of erectile dysfunction in male patients with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. Int J Impot Res 2007; 19(6): 564-7.
  92. Newton KM, Reed SD, LaCroix AZ, Grothaus LC, Ehrlich K, Guiltinan J. Treatment of vasomotor symptoms of menopause with black cohosh, multibotanicals, soy, hormone therapy, or placebo: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145(12): 869-79.
  93. Yamasaki M, Kitagawa T, Koyanagi N, Chujo H, Maeda H, Kohno-Murase J, et al. Dietary effect of pomegranate seed oil on immune function and lipid metabolism in mice. Nutrition 2006; 22(1): 54-9.
  94. Arao K, Wang Y, Inoue N, Hirata J, Cha JY, Nagao K, et al. Dietary effect of pomegranate seed oil rich in 9cis, 11trans, 13cis conjugated linolenic acid on lipid metabolism in obese, hyperlipidemic OLETF Rats. Lipids Health Dis 2004; 3: 24.
  95. McFarlin BK, Strohacker KA, Kueht ML. Pomegranate seed oil consumption during a period of high-fat feeding reduces weight gain and reduces type 2 diabetes risk in CD-1 mice. Br J Nutr 2009; 102(1): 54-9.
  96. Singh K, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Exploring the ameliorative potential of Punica granatum in dextran sulfate sodium induced ulcerative colitis in mice. Phytother Res 2009; 23(11): 1565-74.
  97. Patel C, Dadhaniya P, Hingorani L, Soni MG. Safety assessment of pomegranate fruit extract: acute and subchronic toxicity studies. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46(8): 2728-35.
Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Volume 22, Issue 6
November and December 2015
Pages 569-591
Files
Share
How to cite
Statistics